(CNN)We are one groggy, cranky, sleep-deprived
population.
Depending on our age, we are supposed to get
between seven and 10 hours of sleep each night.
But according to the US Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, a third of us get fewer than seven hours of sleep per
night. In addition, 50 million to 70 million Americans suffer from sleep
disorders such as sleep apnea, insomnia and restless leg syndrome, which can
ruin a good night's shuteye.
And we're not alone. In bedrooms around the
globe, men, women and children are tossing and turning. According to World
Sleep Day statistics, sleep deprivation is threatening the health of up to 45%
of the world's population.
Risking life and money
Science has linked poor slumber with high blood
pressure, a weakened immune system, weight gain, a lack of libido, mood swings,
paranoia, depression and a higher risk of diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular
disease, dementia and some cancers.
Car crashes, industrial disasters, and medical
and occupational errors also increase as we tire, not to mention a decrease in
work productivity and efficiency.
A study by RAND Europe found that the United
States loses an estimated $411 billion each year from workers who sleep fewer
than six hours a night. That's about 2.28% of US gross domestic product. Japan
comes next, with $138 billion, or 2.92% of GDP, followed by Germany ($60
billion; 1.56% of GDP) and the United Kingdom ($50 billion; 1.86% of GDP).
But guess what would happen if those same people
added an hour of pillow time? The US could add $226.4 billion back to the
economy, the study said, and Japan would recover $75.7 billion, while Germany
and the UK would be blessed with an additional $34.1 and $29.9 billion.
Consequences on your body
Exactly how does a lack of sleep affect the
body? There are the obvious signs: irritation, moodiness, dull reflexes and a
fuzzy mind. As you can imagine, how those continue to affect us depends on
whether the deprivation is short-lived or long-term and chronic.
Interactive: How much sleep do you get?
Weakened reflexes
Studies show that after 17 to 19 hours without
sleep, you'll be functioning as if you've been drinking enough to raise your
blood alcohol concentration to 0.05%. Skip a full 20 to 25 hours of sleep, and
you'll soon be at 0.1% -- well over the US legal driving limit of 0.08.
In other words, a lack of sleep for one night
can impair your reflexes and decision-making to the same extent as being over
the limit.
But sleeping less than the recommended amount on
a regular basis can be almost as bad. A lab-based sleep study found that people
who were sleeping fewer than six hours a night for two weeks -- and who thought
they were doing just fine -- functioned as badly on cognitive and reflex tests
as people who were deprived of sleep for two full nights.
This is evident in traffic statistics. The
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that at least 100,000
accidents reported to US police are the result of drowsy driving. This results
in an estimated 1,550 deaths, 71,000 injuries and $12.5 billion in monetary
losses, according to the National Sleep Foundation.
An unfocused mind
While you sleep, your brain is busy. It's
preparing for the next day, sorting your experiences and making new pathways
for learning.
To capture newly acquired information, absorb
fresh skills and form key memories -- as well as to retrieve them later -- you
need plenty of sleep time to let your brain do its work. A lack of sleep
therefore impacts your ability to pay attention, learn new things, be creative,
solve problems and make decisions.
A chronic lack of sleep is also closely tied to
anxiety and depression, as the body struggles to cope with the stress of
sleepiness.
Some studies have found a connection between
sleep apnea, a disorder with which you actually stop breathing for up to a
minute, and cognitive impairment, and insomnia has been associated with reduced
brain size.
There's even growing evidence that poor sleep
early in life can lead to the development of the plaques and tangles that cause
Alzheimer's and other kinds of dementia.
A study published this month in the journal
Brain found that healthy middle-age adults who slept badly for just one night
produced an abundance of the protein beta amyloid, responsible for the plaques
characteristic of Alzheimer's. A week of disrupted sleep upped the amount of
tau, another protein responsible for the tangles associated with Alzheimer's,
frontal lobe dementia and Lewy body disease.
If that's not enough, a study in mice by the
University of Pennsylvania found that prolonged periods without sleep actually
killed brain cells.
Continued sleep deprivation can also lead to
wide swings in mood, increasing paranoia and even hallucinations. The chronically
sleep-starved will also become less able to tolerate pain and resist coercion,
which makes it one of the military's favorite tools for torture.
Poor repairs
Deep sleep, the kind that comes only after a
full cycle, is necessary for the body to release hormones designed to repair
cells and build tissue in the body and brain, especially in children and teens.
Unfortunately, although preteens and teens need
the most sleep of any age group -- at least nine hours a night -- they are the
least likely to get enough rest.
Early start times for school, combined with
today's technology lures, high stress levels and late-to-bed habits, are
creating a nation of sleep-starved youngsters. Over 90% of US high school
students are chronically sleep-deprived, with 20% getting fewer than five hours
a night, according to a Sleep in America poll.
According to a study from the CDC, this sets
teens up to engage in more risky behavior, such as drinking or texting while
driving or not wearing a seat belt or helmet, compared with those who get at
least nine hours a night. Previous studies on teen sleep found that fewer than
eight hours a night was also associated with obesity, migraines, substance
abuse, lack of exercise, sexual activity, feelings of depression and thoughts
of suicide.
The teen sleep problem is so bad that in 2014,
the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a policy statement asking schools
across the country to delay the start of middle and high school to no earlier
than 8:30 a.m. Even though some schools are heeding that call, the advocacy
group Start School Later says that more than four in five start classes earlier
than the recommended time.
Weight gain
Studies show that poor sleep leads to an
increase in hunger and weight gain. That's partly due to the connection between
sleep and the peptides that regulate your appetite: ghrelin and leptin.
Ghrelin, which makes you hungry, goes up when you don't get enough sleep. At
the same time, leptin, which sends "full" signals to the brain,
decreases.
A lack of sleep is known to increase stress,
which pumps up the body's primary stress hormone, cortisol.
Among other things, cortisol helps control blood
sugar levels and regulates metabolism. During times of stress, the increased
cortisol causes higher insulin levels, which in turn drops your blood sugar and
results in cravings for fatty, sugar-filled foods.
Shorter, unhealthier lifespan
Getting less than the recommended amount of
sleep each night on a regular basis raises your risk of dying. In a
longitudinal study of 10,308 British civil servants published in 2007,
researchers found that those who reduced their sleep from seven to five hours
or fewer a night were almost twice as likely to die from all causes, especially
cardiovascular disease.
Here's the worst news: As you head toward death,
your chances of developing a major disease or medical condition are also much
higher if you don't get enough sleep. That's because during sleep, your body is
literally repairing and restoring itself on a cellular level.
Studies show a significant association between a
lack of sleep and cardiovascular disease. Weight gain can lead to obesity and
type 2 diabetes. Your immune system takes a hit, making you more vulnerable to
colds, flu and all sort of viruses and other infectious diseases.
It may even mess with your genes. A small study
of 15 men looked at the impact of sleep deprivation on "clock genes"
that regulate circadian rhythm. They found that the loss of a single night's
sleep could alter those genes in key metabolic tissues. Whether that change is
permanent is unknown.
Changing your sleep habits
The good news is that you can do something about
your sleep deficit.
You can train your brain to seek better sleep
just as you train it to learn and accomplish other skills. One of the first
tasks is to set up your sleep environment and establish a relaxing bedtime
routine. It's that repetition that will train your brain to recognize that its
time to relax and sleep.
Cool temperatures
Start with the bedroom. Make sure your bed and
pillows are comfortable and the room is cool: Between 60 and 67 degrees is
best. Don't watch TV or work in your bedroom; you want your brain to think of
the room as only for sleep.
Mood lighting
Be sure to eliminate all bright lights, as even
the blue light of cellphones or laptops can be disruptive. If that's hard to
accomplish, think about using eye shades and blackout curtains to keep the room
dark.
Try to eliminate disturbing sounds as well.
Earplugs or white noise machines can be very helpful, but you can create your
own with a humidifier or fan.
During the day, try to get good exposure to
natural light, as that will help regulate your circadian rhythm.
Develop a routine
Then, establish a bedtime routine you can follow
each night. Taking a warm bath or shower, reading a book, listening to soothing
music, meditating or doing light stretches are all good options.
Food and drink to avoid
Other suggestions for good sleep include
avoiding stimulants such as nicotine or coffee after midafternoon, especially
if you have insomnia. Alcohol is another no-no. You may think it helps you doze
off, but you are more likely to wake in the night as your body begins to
process the spirits.
Also avoid rich, fatty foods just before sleep.
If you have any digestive issues, eating fried or fatty foods, spicy meals,
some citrus and even carbonated drinks can trigger heartburn and indigestion.
Get moving
Exercise is key to promoting good sleep.
According to the National Sleep Foundation, as little as 10 minutes a day of
walking, biking or other aerobic exercise can "drastically improve
nighttime sleep quality."
Follow all these steps, and you'll be well on
your way to closing your sleep deficit and improving your health.
Source: CNN
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